Work has been urgently undertaken on an official translation of the UN Central Framework for the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, 2012. Under the aegis of Rosstat, amendments are being made to the translation and contents of the basic terms and definitions included in the draft Russian translation of this document. Therefore, the definitions given above in the Glossary are not to be seen as final; they will be specified in the course of official approval of the respective international documents translated into the Russian language.
The sustainable development goals are the result of the negotiation process with the participation of 193 UN member states at the 70th Anniversary Session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2015.
The term “economic assessment” appeared in the Russian literature largely owing to the development of natural resource cadaster methodology.
The need for comparable accounts that would allow carrying out international comparisons prompted the UN Statistics Division to prepare a set of recommendations for their development (1998, 2000, 2003). The UN Recommendations (and other similar documents) are used in many countries to prepare environmental accounts, both in monetary and physical terms.
The studies were conducted on the assignment of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation (Cadaster Institute, 2007-2009).
As key information sources, we used the effective international methodological guidelines on reflecting indicators in the SNA (US Documents (Statistics Division, Committee of Experts on Environmental-Economic Accounting, London Group on Environmental Accounting), OECD/Eurostat, World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the results of a number of projects in different countries aimed at improving the system of national accounts in respect of recording financial assets, data of the federal statistical monitoring system, forms of the federal state statistical monitoring and instructions for completion thereof, methodological developments of the Federal State Statistics Service, data of its territorial authorities, etc.
Approved by the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation (October 2, 2006 №595).
Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of May 6, 2008 No.671-r (edited June 23, 2016) on Approval of the Federal Plan of Statistical Works.
The New Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals were adopted at the UN Conference in September 2015.
”Project making” generally refers to practical activity aimed at meeting new human needs. “Project” is also used to denote a “program”, an ”action plan”.
The relevance of this thought, most fully developed by Schelling, for understanding the causes of environmental crisis is specifically emphasized by Immler, one of the leading German experts in environmental management.
Sustainable development is development which can meet the needs of the present generation without undermining the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.
The UN Summit for Sustainable Development (September 2015, New York) established 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets.
Gregory Bateson was among the first to use the systems approach for investigating fundamental methodological issues in the natural sciences and social studies. His primary purpose was to discover the so called “metapattern” in the organization of all observed phenomena.
In the 1960s-70s Mandelbrot created fractal geometry, “a language for talking about clouds”, in order to describe and analyze the complexity of irregular forms in the natural world.
Statistical systems that have been put together for the needs of general government may fail to answer many questions that need to be covered in an SNA/SEEA (e.g., monetary estimates of environmental resources, various physical indicators, etc.).
Official administrative data include documented information, used to compile official statistics, which is obtained by federal authorities, public authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government and other public organizations for the purpose of permit issue, registration, regulatory, supervisory and other functions (Federal Law of 29.11.2007 No.282-FZ (as amended on 23.07.2013) “On Official Statistical Reporting and the System of Government Statistics in the Russian Federation”). Expert assessment includes estimates (quantitative and qualitative) based on professional expertise and the findings of scientific research regarding processes and phenomena, which are not recorded in systems or cannot be subject to precise measurement (Federal Law of 29.11.2007 No.282-FZ (as amended on 23.07.2013) “On Official Statistical Reporting and the System of Government Statistics in the Russian Federation”).
Precisely this aspiration is most concordant with the main features of homo responsabilis, adopted as a model in the socio-cultural methodology of environmental management.
The term comes from the theory of self-organization.
http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/ggsd-2015.htm
Environmental resources consist of natural wealth with actual or potential economic, social, or cultural value. Environmental resources are divided into renewable (forests, water, animals and plants, soil, etc.) and non-renewable (oil, minerals, various fossil fuels, etc.) (Fomenko G., Fomenko M. & Loshadkin, 2000b).

An institutional unit is an economic entity which is capable, in its own right, of owning assets, incurring liabilities, engaging in economic activities and entering into transactions with other entities (SNA, 2012, chapter 4 paragraph 4.2).

Institutional sectors in the SNA are groups of similar institutional units (SNA, 2012, chapter 4, paragraph 4.16). All institutional units refer to one of the five institutional sectors:

  • non-financial corporations;
  • financial corporations;
  • public government;
  • non-profit organizations serving households;
  • households (SNA, 2012, chapter 4 paragraph 4.24).

For example, according to the SEEA paragraph 5.346, timber resources may be inaccessible if they are: 1) in areas where forest harvesting operations are restricted or prohibited; 2) in remote or inaccessible areas, i.e., where harvesting is not profitable; 3) not biologically suitable for inclusion among commercially harvested wood species. Resources inaccessible for procurement do not have economic value but they are still in the scope of the SEEA in physical terms, because they meet the definition of environmental resources and can be used to generate profit.

However, having no economic value, such resources are not recorded in the asset accounts for timber resources in monetary terms. It is therefore necessary to provide a clear definition of the scope of timber resources in physical terms in order to ensure proper correspondence between accounts in physical and monetary terms (paragraph 5.347).

Produced resources are biological resources, which are artificially cultured (forest planting, fish farming, captive breeding, etc.)
Many kinds of residuals, e.g., solid waste collected in controlled landfills, also remain in the bounds of the economy.
The production boundaries in the SNA/SEEA include the following activities: a) the production of all kinds of goods or services that are supplied by their producers to other units, or are intended to be supplied, including the production of goods and services consumed in the process of producing such goods or services; b) the production of all goods that are retained by their producers for their own final consumption or gross capital formation; c) the production of knowledge-capturing products that are retained by their producers for their own final consumption or gross accumulation, excluding (as agreed) products produced by households for their own final consumption or gross capital formation; d) the production of housing services by owner occupiers; and e) production of domestic and personal services by paid domestic staff (SEEA 2012).
An ecosystem is a dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit – United Nations (2001). Treaty Series, vol. 1760, №.30619, Convention on Biological Diversity, article 2: Use of Terms. See: http://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/UNTS/Volume%201760/v1760.pdf.
Accounting for these incomes and the associated depletion in the standard SNA is problematic for two reasons. First, the income flows are recorded in different accounts: the value added and operating surplus of the extractor are recorded in the production and generation of income accounts, while the rent earned by the government is shown in the accounts of primary income allocation. Second, no cost of depletion is recorded against the income earned in the structure of the standard accounts (in contract with the cost of produced assets, which is recorded as fixed capital consumption). Instead, in the SNA, cost of depletion is recorded in the account of other changes in the volume of assets.
Emissions from landfills include emissions both from accumulated solid waste and from the equipment used to operate the facility.
See also Guidance on classification of waste according to EWC-Stat categories (Eurostat, 2010).
Water transpiration is a physiological process of evaporation of water by means of living plants, and it is one of the critical and vital elements of the life cycle of plants.
Soil water taken up from the soil by non-cultivated plants is not included in the Physical Supply and Use Table. However, according to the SEEA 2012, information on these water resources can be of use in general accounting of flows, e.g., when treating forest (timber) resources.
In our view, the vector of payment for such transfer should be distinguished in these cases. If payment is made by the foreign economic unit which receives the said discharges to the transferring unit, what takes place is export and import in the form of wastewater. If payment is made by the transferring economic unit to the receiving unit, what takes place is the import and export of services for the acceptance of such discharges (as a rule, for their further transportation and discharge into water bodies or for treatment).
Ideally, these flows would be recorded separately, showing the amount of evaporation of water uptake and its transpiration in different tables. These flows show the water going back directly to the environment from the relevant users. By contrast, the flows of water incorporated into products would be shown as retained in the economy and included in the accumulation column. In practice, however, direct and separate measurement of these flows, e.g., separation of the volumes of water transpiration and the volumes of water directly incorporated into cultivated plants, is usually not possible. Therefore, only a combined flow is recorded in this case.
Russian statistics use the more precise term, “non-returnable water use”.
This conclusion is only true for a definite period of time and a definite territory, since the said volumes of water will sooner or later, here or there, in one way or another, be returned to the environment within the closed system of the Earth.
The NPV approach is considered in the Central Framework of the SEEA, 2012, section 5.4.
Including projects in production, projects approved for development and projects probable for development.
Including economic and marginal development projects pending and projects on hold.
Potential commercial projects may also satisfy the requirements of E1.
Including development projects, which have not been finalized, non-viable development projects, and additional quantities in place.
The scope of known deposits is broader than the scope of deposits, on which measurement of mineral and energy resources in the SNA is based. In the SNA, the scope is limited to deposits that are commercially viable given current technology and relative prices. A broader scope of deposits is applied in the SEEA in order to obtain the broadest possible understanding of the existing stock of mineral and energy resources.
For certain subsets of resources, e.g., energy resources, an aggregate across certain types may be possible using a common measurement unit such as joules or other energy units.
Within the relevant areas, timber resources are defined by the volume of trees, living or dead, and include all trees regardless of diameter, as well as the upper parts of stumps and large branches and dead trees lying on the ground that can still be used for timber or fuel. The volume should be measured as the stem volume with bark from ground level at minimum breast height or from the lower stump to the top of the tree. Smaller branches, twigs, foliage, flowers, seeds and roots are excluded. The thresholds for minimum breast height, tops of stem and branches may vary across territories. This variation reflects the variety of species, growing conditions and forestry management and harvesting practices. For example, the precise specification of the volume of a conifer in northern Europe will differ from that of a teak tree in a tropical rainforest. The general principle in determining the volume of timber resources is the volume that is commercially usable. All estimates of timber resources, including estimates of the monetary value of timber resources need to take country-specific conditions and practices into account.
Reflects the structure of the current Classification of Environmental Protection Activities (CEPA), United Nations, 2000.
“Adapted goods” are goods that have been specifically modified to be more “environmentally friendly” or “cleaner” and whose use therefore helps to protect the environment.
Products connected with environmental protection are products whose use directly serves the purposes of environmental protection, but which are not themselves environmental protection services or inputs to typical activities.
The three categories of services were broadly used in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity study). They were borrowed from a project for development of the Common International Classification for Ecosystem Services (CICES).
Option values are sometimes included in the same group as existence value (as a part of non-use value), though the interpretation remains unchanged.
Some researchers identify quasi-option value : the value of avoiding irreversible decisions until the appearance of new information on useful services of the ecosystem, of which we are unaware at present (Arrow & Fisher, 1974).
There are a number of different theories regarding the factors that drive the generation of resource rent accruing to the extractor or user of an asset. Examples of sources of resource rent include differential rent, scarcity rent and entrepreneurial rent. Different sources of resource rent are not mutually exclusive, so the estimates of resource rent that underpin the NPV estimates in the SEEA should not be regarded as emerging from any one particular source of resource rent.
Strictly speaking, this accounting identity also includes gross mixed income (the surplus earned by unincorporated enterprises) and should be adjusted for net taxes and production subsidies. These details do not affect the logic of the explanation provided.
In principle, the net return on environmental assets derived here also includes a return on other non-produced assets (e.g., marketing assets and brands), as these assets also play a role in generating the operating surplus. These returns are ignored in the formulation presented here.
Specific taxes exclude special payments of income tax and rent that may be applicable for the extracting industries.
A general rate of return is also an appropriate estimate for technical reasons. If an activity-specific rate of return is used , it is also necessary to include activity-specific expectations in the derivation of the revaluation term in the NPV formula: this offsets the impact of using activity-specific rates of return.
Regulations on the Federal Service for National Statistics, approved by Decree of the Russian Government on June 2, 2008, No. 420 (as amended on 05.08.2015).
Decree of the Russian Government of August 18, 2008, No.620 (as amended on April 22, 2015), “On Mandatory Filing of Primary Statistical and Administrative Data with Official Agencies of Statistical Accounting”.
Art. 5 of Federal Law of November 29, 2007, No. 282-FZ (as amended on July 23, 2013) “On Official Statistical Accounting and the System of State Statistics in the Russian Federation”.
Resolution of the Russian Government of April 28, 2007, No.253 (as amended on April 18, 2014), “On the Procedure for Maintaining the State Water Register”.
Order No. 26 of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment dated February 4, 2008 (as amended on April 13, 2012), “On Approval of the Reporting Procedure and Data Submitted by the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision to be Entered in the State Water Register”; Order No.315 of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment dated November 30, 2007 (as amended on April 13, 2012), “On Approval of the Reporting Procedure and the Data Submitted by the Federal Service for Transport Supervision to be Entered in the State Water Register”; Order No.308 of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment dated November 27, 2007 (as amended on April 13, 2012), “On Approval of the Reporting Procedure and Data Submitted by the Federal Service for Customer Rights Protection and Human Welfare to be Entered in the State Water Register”; etc.
Tax Code of the Russian Federation (Part 2) dated August 5, 2000 No.17-FZ (as amended on April 5, 2016), Chapters 25.2. Water tax)
Pursuant to Art. 31 of the Russian Water Code of June 3, 2006, No.74-FZ (as amended on November 28, 2015).
Pursuant to Art.30 of the Russian Law of February 21, 1992, No.2395-1 (as amended on July 13, 2015), “On Subsoil”.
Pursuant to Art.31 of the Russian Law of February 21, 1992, No.2395-1 (as amended on July 13, 2015), “On Subsoil”.
Order issued by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, dated May 15, 2014, No.216, “On approval of the procedure for compiling and maintaining the national balance sheet of mineral resources”.
Order issued by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, dated December 11, 2006, No.278, “On Approval of the Classification of Solid Mineral Reserves and Projected Solid Mineral Reserves”.
Letter issued by Rosnedra on November 28, 2013, No.AM-02-30/13915, “On Providing Geological Information that Constitutes a State Secret”.
Art. 91, Forest Code of the Russian Federation of December 4, 2006, No.200-FZ (as amended on May 1, 2016).
Order issued by Leskhoz, dated February 15, 2012, No.54, “On Approval of Forms for Maintenance of the State Forest Register”.
Order issued by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, dated November 11, 2013, No.496, “On Approval of the List, Forms and Procedure for Submitting Documents Required for Entering and Updating Documented Information in the State Forest Register”.
Order issued by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, dated October 30, 2013, No.464, “On Approval of the List of Mandatory Data to be Submitted to the State Forest Register and Terms of its Submission”.
Order issued by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, dated December 25, 2014, No.573, “On the Procedure for Reporting on Forest Use and Requirements for Online Reporting of Forest Use”.
Order of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, dated March 23, 2015, No.129 (as amended on August 17, 2015), “On the Procedure and Forms of Reporting on Forest Conservation and Protection Activities”.
Order of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, dated January 20, 2015, “On the Procedure and Forms of Reporting on Forest Regeneration and Afforestation”.
The Federal Law of July 23, 2009, No.209-FZ (as amended on October 14, 2014), “On Hunting and Game Resource Conservation and on Amendments to Russian Legislation”, Art.37.
Order issued by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, dated September 6, 2010, No. 345 (as amended on June 17, 2014), “On Approval of Regulations for Maintaining the State Hunting Register, Collecting and Safekeeping the Documented Information Contained therein and Providing such Information to Interested Parties”.
Order issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources, dated December 22, 2011, No.963, ”On approval of the Procedure for Maintaining Government Accounting, Cadaster and Monitoring of Wildlife”.
Order issued by the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources, dated September 30, 2011, No.792, “On Approval of the Procedure for Maintaining the State Waste Cadaster”.
Natural resources are a subset of environmental assets and comprise all natural biological resources (including timber resources and aquatic resources), mineral and energy resources, soil resources and water resources. Cultivated biological resources and land are excluded.
Evapotranspiration is the amount of water moving from the soil to the atmosphere due to evaporation and plant transpiration (SEEA-W, 2012, p. 204)
The SEEA-W classification extends the SEEA 2013 by including glaciers, snow and ice (EA.1314) and soil water (EA.133).
Guidelines for the application of the classification of drinking, technical and mineral groundwater stocks and forecast resources. Approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation of July 30, 2007, No. 195.
http://www.meteorf.ru/upload/iblock/23f/Obzor_2013_by_Chernogaeva_16072014.pdf.
The indicator is applicable for boundary water bodies of the above-mentioned category.
The volume of mature and over-mature standing timber that can be obtained by final felling operations. Source: http://www.rosleshoz.gov.ru/terminology/ee/17.
Form 1.8 State Forest Register “Allocation of forest areas and timber resources by prevailing species and age groups”.
The unit of measurement in accounting of non-timber forest products will depend on the type of the specific product (cubic meter or ton, except for area measures, which may be in hectares, square kilometers, etc.)
The unit of measurement in accounting of non-timber forest products will depend on the type of the specific product (cubic meter or ton, except for area measures, which may be in hectares, square kilometers, etc.)
Emissions from landfills include emissions both from accumulated solid waste and from the equipment used to operate the facility.
Based on Fomenko G., Romashkina, et al., 2010.
Business accounting data are recorded in reporting forms No.11 “Information on availability and movement of fixed assets and other non-financial assets” and No.11 (brief) “Information on availability and movement of fixed assets of non-profit organizations”.
Discounting was carried out at the social rate of time preferences of 3%, recommended by the UN for environmentally-friendly projects (impact on the environment).
Based on Fomenko G. & Fomenko M., 2016.
Resolutions of the 10th Meeting of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Bonn, Germany, May 19-20, 2008); Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Montreal, 2004); materials of the 5th World Congress on National Parks and Protected Areas (2004), etc.
This is confirmed by the latest documents of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity – Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and the goals and sub-targets for preservation and sustainable use of biodiversity adopted at the Aichi Nagoya Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in Nagoya, Japan, 2010, where economic evaluation of biodiversity was recognized as an important information basis for expanding the benefits provided by biodiversity and ecosystem services to people everywhere, and for resisting the main causes of degradation of biodiversity.
Based on Fomenko G., Fomenko M. & Loshadkin, 1998; 2000a; Fomenko G., Fomenko M., Markandya & Perelet, 1997a; 1997b).
Contemporary methodology for deriving monetary estimates of environmental potential is not only based on existing tariffs and prices, but takes account of human preferences in using environmental goods and services (personal estimates) and determines the social and economic value of the resources for present and future generations.
Professor Markandya, one of the authors of the concept of the “green economy”, is an expert of the UN and the World Bank, and leader of the program for environmental-economic accounting at the European Union Commission. He also has extensive experience of research work in Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America (Markandya, 1996a; 1996b; Markandya & Pearce, 1991).
Project for efficient environmental management in Yaroslavl Region, 1996.
Consistent with the SNA methodology, the calculation used capitalization of returns on fixed natural assets at the social rate of 3%.
Cadaster Institute, 2000c.
Based on Cadaster Institute, 2000e.
The findings are presented in greater detail in report No.6/2000 “Substantiation of vectors of social and economic development of local territories on the basis of economic estimates of natural resources taking account of the depletion factor: the case of Saratov Region” with the assistance of Morozov, Doctoral Cand. in Geography G. Fomenko, Doctoral Cand. in Philology L. Aleksandrova, Doctoral Cand. in Geography M. Fomenko, Loshadkin, Kondratiev, M. Aleksandrova, Arabova, Chapkina.
Based on Preobrazhensky, et al., 1999; Cadaster Institute, 2000a.
Based on Cadaster Institute, 2006d.
The findings are presented in detail in the report on Project No.D 2-99 “Accounting for natural resources in Russia: practical studies in Yaroslavl Region”. This section contains a brief description of the studies, illustrating how monetary valuation of natural resources can be used to address environmental issues in a locality.
http://www.danilovmr.ru/index.php/template-features/o-rajone/geografiya
This price was the weighted mean value of the average price by production volume of different kinds of meat: beef, pork, mutton, chicken.
According to expert opinion.
According to data provided by the Administration of Iraf District.
http://pervomayadm.ru
A resource manager may be an organization, community and even an individual. A resource manager in the environmental sphere may be: a farmer who has full title to land or a tenant farmer entitled to use land at his own discretion but without right of ownership; a collective farm or business; a company or group; or a private or public organization that makes use of natural resources. The size of the respective entity is immaterial.
The “gray” matrix includes both accounted flows of use of natural resources (as recorded in the “white” matrix) (Table 3.16) and unaccounted flows (e.g., use of surface water resources, illegal logging, use of mushroom, berry, medicinal plant resources by the general public).
At present, the organization comprises 34 states, most of which are EU member countries. The European Commission is a special member of the OECD, with the same rights as member countries. OECD member states account for nearly 60% of world GDP.
Opening speech by the OECD’s Secretary-General Gurria at the expert forum “Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum 2015 – Enabling the next industrial revolution: Systems innovation for green growth”. The expert forum developed approaches that had been adopted by the UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris. The forum was attended by experts from the OECD countries and China, Russia and a number of other non-member countries. http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/beyond-COP21-boosting-systems-innovation-for-greengrowth.htm.
OECD Indicators of “Green” Growth. Introduction. Results of the Seminar held on July 7, 2015. Russian Ministry of Economic Development
UNECE Conference of European Statisticians 61st plenary session, Geneva, June 10-12, 2013. Point 3 b) of the Agenda. Key challenges in implementing the System of Environmental-Economic accounting The Green Growth Initiative and the SEEA Central Framework. Note prepared by the OECD.
UNECE Conference of European Statisticians 61st plenary session, Geneva, June 10-12, 2013. Point 3 b) of the Agenda. Key challenges in implementing the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting Green Growth Initiative and the Central Framework of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting.
Some of these indicators are expressly missing from the SEEA. In particular the SEEA does not contain indicators for technologies and innovations (R&D expenditures and patents that are important for green growth, as well as innovations in different sectors that are relevant to the environment). Also, international financial flows significant for green growth are not included in the SEEA framework as it covers only some of the indicators describing prices and money transfers.
Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, former Yugoslav republic of Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.
For the purposes of furthering their research efforts, the experts of the Cadaster Institute have participated in the work of the UNECE Joint Task Force for Environmental Indicators. One important achievement of the Cadaster Institute has been its involvement in preparation of the report “Europe’s Environment – An Assessment of Assessments” (2011) published by UNECE for the meeting of environment ministers of Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia, which was focused on issues of water resources and water-related ecosystems, as well as the green economy.
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.33/2015/mtg1/ece.cep-ces.ge.1.2015.3.Rus.pdf
The project, “Towards a Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS)”, began in February 2008 under the guidance of the European Environmental Agency (EEA) in association with partner countries and coordinated by an administrative group comprising representatives of the relevant EU organizations: DG EuropeAid, DG Environment, EEAS, DG Research, Eurostat and the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. It was suggested that the project would promote a long-run and stable cooperation with the partner countries. Expansion of contacts in the sphere of environmental information exchange between the relevant organizations in different countries should lead to the realization of the main goals of the ENPI-SEIS project with respect to the three basic components of the SEIS, which are cooperation, data collection and infrastructure building.
More details can be found on the European Commission website: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seis
http://enpi-seis.pbe.eea.europa.eu/leaflet/russian/enpi-seis-leaflet-ru-final-19062013-web.pdf
http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/ge.33/2015/mtg1/Analytical_paper_May_2015_RUS_16-06-2015_final.pdf
See: Review of progress in developing the Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS); memorandum of the UNECE Working Group on Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, April 2015.
This was stressed at the Green Growth and Sustainable Development Forum 2015, which was entitled, “Enabling the next industrial revolution: Systems innovation for green growth”. The Forum developed the approaches adopted by the December UN Conference on Climate Change in Paris. The Forum was attended by experts from OECD member countries as well as China, Russia and some other non-member countries. The topic for discussion was key elements of the innovation agenda for the 21st century, including measures to counteract climate change and ways of achieving broader environmental sustainability. The Forum was opened by OECD Secretary General Mr. Angel Gurria who emphasized its great significance. The speakers included leading world experts.
See the Outcome Document of Rio+20 ”The Future We Want” URL: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N12/436/90/PDF/N1243690.pdf
The indicator, first termed “management environmental criterion”, was suggested by G. Fomenko (Environmental Institutions, 2010). The term “environmental indicator of market failures” is now deemed to be more adequate.
Such accounts were first compiled for Danilov District, Yaroslavl Region, under the general guidance of Prof. Markandya, a co-author of the Handbook for SEEA, 1994 (Fomenko G., Fomenko M., Markandya & Perelet, 1997a).
1979 saw the publication of the famous paper “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk” by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky.
Hermeneutics (Ancient Greek hermeneuein – to explain, interpret): 1) the art of interpretation of texts (the text being any philosophical or literary work); 2) theory of understanding, comprehension; 3) methods of understanding human actions, individual features (Ricoeur, 1980).
This index was subject to polling among students from 23 countries in the 1980s. http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/1670997
It was originally called “Confucian dynamism”. Chinese Values and the Search for Culture-Free Dimensions of Culture: The Chinese Culture Connection //Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1987.
http://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html
http://www.geerthofstede.eu/research--vsm, as of January 2014.
http://userdocs.ru/pravo/144175/index.html
See the Outcome Document of Rio+20 ”The Future we Want” URL: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/N12/436/90/PDF/N1243690.pdf
The respective international standards were suggested by the Statistical Division of the UN Secretariat as a preliminary concept to be tested and further refined (see Chapter 8, Agenda 21, points 8.42 and 8.43).
There has been a rapid growth worldwide of publications in response to the appeal of Agenda 21 to improve methods of accounting and monetary valuation of natural capital and environmental services (see http://www.beijer.kva.se/, The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm
It is widely accepted that the methodological framework for statistics is the cognitive theory, which determines the scientific approach to studying natural and social phenomena (author’s commentary).